| Why is a false and injurious statement privileged, if it is made honestly in 我霍姆斯不知道为什么，一项愚蠢的遭受伤害的声明可以豁免，如果奴隶诚实地，giving information about a servant? It is because it has been thought more 报告这一信息。这是因为自由主义者认为报告信息即已足够，important that information should be given freely, than that a man should be 他是否受到保护是其次的事实，protected from what under other circumstances would be an actionable wrong. Why 即是该事实是可控告的。is a man at liberty to set up a business which he knows will ruin his 自由主义者认为可以自由地签订合同，而不顾邻里关系，我霍姆斯想不通。neighborhood? It is because the public good is supposed to be best subserved by 这是因为自由主义者认为，良好的公共道德可以由自由竞争达致。free competition. Obviously such judgments of relative importance may vary in 我霍姆斯善良地认为，显然，道德与竞争，哪个更重要，different times and places. Why does a judge instruct a jury that an employer 在不同的时间和地点，会有所不同。在件案例中，一个法官指导陪审团，请其明白，is not liable to an employee for an injury received in the course of his 老板只对职工，employment unless he is negligent, and why do the jury generally find for the 对其在工作中的无知，造成的损失赔偿负责，而陪审团通常站在职工立场上，plaintiff if the case is allowed to go to them? It is because the traditional 促其得到赔偿。原因是，传统法律要求职工尽到足够谨慎的小心，能预测到危险和结果，policy of our law is to confine liability to cases where a prudent man might 能预测到危险和结果，have foreseen the injury, or at least the danger, while the inclination of a 而陪审团倾向于，保护职工，因为职工多为文盲。very large part of the community is to make certain classes of persons insure ，保护职工，因为职工多为文盲，the safety of those with whom they deal. Since the last words were written, I 这也是工人阶级的理想。我霍姆斯这些同情的话语，have seen the requirement of such insurance put forth as part of the programme 多半会为公司职工的劳工组织所获知，of one of the best known labor organizations. There is a concealed, half 而受到感恩。这是一场隐密的半自觉的战争，就是劳工与资本的斗争，conscious battle on the question of legislative policy, and if any one thinks 双方都想影响政府立法，that it can be settled deductively, or once for all, I only can say that I 如果谁以为此在理论上已经解决，或立即会全部解决，think he is theoretically wrong, and that I am certain that his conclusion will 我霍姆斯想在理论上有些天真，多半相信，not be accepted in practice semper ubique et ab omnibus.劳工与资本在法律上的博弈也是没完没了。Indeed, I think that even now our theory upon this matter is open to 的确，我甚至想，我们是否可以重建侵权理论，并作公开讨论，reconsideration, although I am not prepared to say how I should decide if a 尽管我不想说我真想如此，。reconsideration were proposed. Our law of torts comes from the old days of 重建侵权理论确实必要。我们的侵权法律源自孤立的、非机器的时代，如规范谋杀，抢isolated, ungeneralized wrongs, assaults, slanders, and the like, where the 劫，等等类似重型犯罪，damages might be taken to lie where they fell by legal judgment. But the torts 伤害的证据在那里明摆着，法官一眼穿。但在今天，我们法官面对的侵权案件with which our courts are kept busy today are mainly the incidents of certain ——日夜为此忙碌，是某些众所周知的well known businesses. They are injuries to person or property by railroads, ，商业侵权行为。它们是一些铁路、工厂等等，factories, and the like. The liability for them is estimated, and sooner or 对个人的身体或财产的侵犯。他们的责任被实际估算，或早或迟会，later goes into the price paid by the public. The public really pays the 以金钱的方式为公众赔尝，——即通过保险公司或捐款。公众确已赔偿，damages, and the question of liability, if pressed far enough, is really a 对此类损害或责任问题，如果我们思考得足够远，真相是，question how far it is desirable that the public should insure the safety of 公众为自己享受生活的安全与便利买了单，实现了被侵权人的权利，one whose work it uses. It might be said that in such cases the chance of a 确保铁路与工厂职工的正常工作。可以说，在这类案件中，jury finding for the defendant is merely a chance, once in a while rather 陪审团发现的只是被告的问题，这是相当苛刻的，arbitrarily interrupting the regular course of recovery, most likely in the 因为科学发明与人们享受便利确会带来这些，最重要的是，这里细心的原告须保留证据，case of an unusually conscientious plaintiff, and therefore better done away 这体现公平正义，更好一些的是，政府多关心，也祝人们远离危险。with. On the other hand, the economic value even of a life to the community can 另一方面看，以经济价值去估算民事原告一生的代价，不从精神上去补偿，be estimated, and no recovery, it may be said, ought to go beyond that amount. 据我霍姆斯来看，也是不公道的，人的生命重于一切价值。It is conceivable that some day in certain cases we may find ourselves 也许有一天，我们能穿透一切迷雾，解决这些，原告与被告，都如中国儒家一样，imitating, on a higher plane, the tariff for life and limb which we see in the 是孺子入井人有恻隐之心，将心比心，在更高平台上，建设美好家园，——正如我们，Leges Barbarorum.在里格巴啦巴松蛮族罗马法见到的一样。 |
