论股东有限责任例外适用 内容提要 在公司治理中,供应商、消费者和劳动者等利益相关者等都是以债权人身份参与公司治理的,因此,如何保护债权人,平衡债权人与股东的利益是公司法的一个重大课题。现代公司制度赋予股东有限责任保护是生产社会化的必然选择。而股东受有限责任保护,在出资范围内对公司债务承担责任存在固有缺陷及局限性,有限责任不可避免会被滥用。债权人与股东利益冲突就集中表现在公司控制股东利用有限责任的保护,滥用控制权,转嫁公司经营风险和成本的问题上。从公司治理的角度来看,因为各国公司治理的制度环境不同,解决这一问题的制度安排与选择也就不同,排除或限制股东有限责任的适用并不是解决控制股东滥用有限责任、损害债权人利益的唯一手段。股东有限责任例外适用的范围和条件取决于合同与公司立法等事前制度安排的完备性程度,其本质上是要克服股东有限责任制度固有的缺陷,解决事前防范机制的不完备性,通过排除或限制有限责任对控制股东的适用,追究滥用有限责任的控制股东的民事责任,为因控制股东滥用有限责任而受到损害的债权人提供有效的法律救济,兼顾效率与公平。从股东有限责任例外适用的法律效力来看,它并不影响公司法人格地位,也不影响其他股东依照公司法享有的有限责任。因此,从其本质内涵上来说,美国“揭穿公司面纱”、德国“直索责任”和日本“公司法人格否认”等概念都不能准确表达其本质含义,容易引起误导。 在司法实践中,在维护股东有限责任价值与保护债权人权益之间如何掌握一个最佳平衡点,兼顾效率与公平,一直是学术界争论的焦点,存在各种各样的学说,实践中的做法也有很大不同。如美国“揭穿公司面纱”理论有工具说、替身说、欺诈说、代理说、企业整体说等学说;德国“直索责任”理论有主观滥用说、客观滥用说和法律规定适用说;日本“法人格否认”理论有中义说、狭义说和广义说。尽管其理论依据及适用的范围与条件有些不同,但本质上这些制度都是限制或排除有限责任的适用,追究控制股东滥用控制权的法律责任,保护债权人的利益。英国则把法律调节的重心放到董事身上,通过加强董事责任防止有限责任被滥用。从股东有限责任例外适用的条件看,控制股东是被追索对象,判断是否是控制股东有两种途径,一是从股权结构,二是从股东对公司的影响力;保护对象是债权人;客观要件是控制股东有滥用有限责任的行为并造成公司部分或全部丧失偿债能力;主观要件争论焦点在于对欺诈或恶意的举证责任分配问题;因果关系上要求控制股东滥用控制权和债权人损害之间要有因果关系。 集团公司是现代社会化大生产普遍采用的一种组织形式,出于战略统一安排的需要,控股公司之间经常性通过关联交易安排在集团内部进行资产和利润转移,调节资源的分配。集团公司组织结构和股权结构为公司控制股东滥用控制权提供极大的便利,这就给子公司或关联公司债权人的保护带来了极大的挑战,因此,股东有限责任例外适用在集团公司越来越多被广泛地用来保护债权人的利益。在学界有人提出“企业说”,主张将集团公司看成是单一的法人,将集团公司子公司与关联公司债权债务合并到集团公司进行处理,排除或限制有限责任对控股公司的适用。目前,这一主张已被有些国家在司法实践和立法中所接收。 长期以来公司被看作是为股东谋求利益最大化的社团组织,在公司治理中,消费者和劳动者以及社会公众被排除在外。随着社会的发展进步,公司越来越多被看作是一个高度社会化的组织,其存在与发展关系到消费者、劳动者和社会公众的合法权益,他们作为利益相关者参与公司治理的权利越来越多地受到强调。在这种背景下,当消费者、劳动者和社会公众的利益因为控制股东滥用其对公司控制权而受到侵害时,股东有限责任例外适用也就越来越多被用来保护他们的合法权益。从国外的发展趋势来看,与公司供应商或贷款人等自愿债权人相比较,在保护消费者、劳动者和社会公众上,法院在适用股东有限责任例外上更为严格。 自改革开放以后,我国确立股东有限责任制度,由于公司文化基础薄弱,投资者保护、债权保护法律制度不健全,公司治理水平低,加之我国大多数公司都是国有股一股独大,股东有限责任滥用现象因此而日渐增多,集中体现在逃废债现象上。在打击逃废债的过程中,我国也逐渐确立股东有限责任例外适用制度,但远不够完善,需要在公司治理整体框架中进一步完善。要解决一问题,充分发挥股东有限责任制度的价值,创造良好的信用环境和投资环境,有必要借鉴国外股东有限责任例外适用制度方面积累起来的宝贵经验和好的做法,将其纳入公司立法,并明确规定其适用的范围和条件。 Abstract In corporate governance, providers, consumers and employee all participate in corporate governance in the name of creditors, how to protect the creditors is one of the most important tasks of corporate governance. The conflicts between shareholders and creditors concentrate on the abuse of limited liability by controlling shareholders. For this purpose, the developed countries, such as the United States, Germany and Japan create some institutions to solve this problem. The application scope and conditions of “lifting the corporate veil” in the United States, “direct claim against the shareholder” in Germany and “disregard of corporate personality” in Japan are different, but they have the same effects, play an important role in protecting the interests of creditors, depriving shareholders of the protection of limited liability of shareholders in nature. Exceptional application of limited liability of shareholders is not the only choice to protect the creditors from the abuse of limited liability of controlling shareholders; there are many substitutes, which have the same functions. Different countries have different choices, which depend on the institutional environment of corporate governance. The essence lies in the need to balance interest of the creditors and shareholders. Deprive the controlling shareholders of the protection of limited liability do not affect other shareholders the status of corporate and other shareholders’ right of limited liability. Group companies are the common corporate structure of big companies. Controlling companies often require the subsidiary companies behave in conform to the strategy of group companies. These often cause subsidiary companies being unable to pay their debt. So depriving the protection of limited liability of controlling companies is the best way to protect the creditors. It has been universally accepted that consumers, employee and the public are the stakeholders of corporations. They often become victims of abuse of limited liability of controlling shareholder. Corporate governance should not neglect their interest. Recently, exceptional application of limited liability of shareholders are more and more be used to protect the consumers, employee and the public. In our countries, more and more limited liability corporation come into being, abusing limited liability became more and more serious. More and more controlling shareholder abuse limited liability to escape their obligation and liability (taofeizhai) owned to banks. In the process of crack down the taofeizhai, courts developed the rule of exceptional application of limited liability of shareholders, but they are far from perfect, need further improving under the frame of corporate governance. We can use the good foreign experiences to improve this institution, specify the application scope and conditions. 目 录 一、 股东有限责任例外适用概述……………………………………页 (一)股东有限责任的价值……………………………………………页 (二)股东有限责任例外适用的本质内涵……………………………页 二、 股东有限责任例外适用的法理基础……………………………页 (一)股东有限责任制度的缺陷及局限性……………………………页 (二)事前防范机制¾¾合约及法律的不完备性 (三)兼顾效率与公平的事后救济机制………………………………页 三、有关国家股东有限责任例外适用的比较…………………………页(一)有关国家股东有限责任例外适用基本观点的比较……………页 总共7页 1 |